Testicular Cancer

Targeted Science Editorial Team

Overview

Testicular cancer begins in the testicles, the small glands inside the scrotum that make sperm and testosterone.
It’s rare, but it’s the most common cancer in younger men, usually between ages 15 and 40.
The good news? It’s one of the most treatable and curable cancers, especially when found early.

Common Symptoms

Most men notice a change in one testicle first. Common signs include:

  • A lump or swelling in one testicle (usually painless)

  • A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum

  • Dull ache in the lower belly or groin

  • Sudden buildup of fluid in the scrotum

  • Discomfort or pain in a testicle or scrotum

If the cancer spreads, you may also experience:

  • Back pain

  • Chest pain or shortness of breath

  • Swelling in the legs

Tip: Doing monthly self-exams can help you spot changes early.

Causes and Risk Factors

Doctors aren’t entirely sure what causes testicular cancer, but some factors increase risk:

  • Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism)

  • Family history of testicular cancer

  • Previous testicular cancer (it can occur in the other testicle later)

  • Abnormal testicular development

  • Age: Most common in young to middle-aged men

  • Race: Slightly more common in white men

Diagnosis

If your doctor suspects testicular cancer, they’ll likely recommend:

  • Physical exam of the testicles

  • Ultrasound: to check for lumps or abnormalities

  • Blood tests: to measure tumor markers (AFP, HCG, LDH)

  • Imaging (CT scan or X-ray): to see if cancer has spread

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, but outcomes are very good:

  • Surgery: Removal of the affected testicle (orchiectomy), usually the first step

  • Radiation therapy: Targets and kills remaining cancer cells

  • Chemotherapy: Used if cancer has spread beyond the testicle

  • Surveillance: Regular follow-up if the cancer was caught early and removed completely

Most men who receive treatment go on to live normal, healthy lives.

Prevention and Self-Care

There’s no sure way to prevent testicular cancer, but self-awareness is key.

  • Do a monthly self-exam after a warm shower

  • Report any lumps, swelling, or pain to your doctor right away

  • Protect your groin during sports or physical work

  • Eat a balanced diet and maintain regular health checkups

When to See a doctor

If you find a lump, swelling, or persistent ache in your testicles or groin, don’t wait.
Early diagnosis is the reason testicular cancer survival rates are over 95%.

Quick action can make all the difference.


Related Conditions

Disclaimer

This article is for general informational purposes and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always speak with your doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

References 

  • American Academy of Family Physicians. Testicular Cancer: Incidence, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Survival Rates. 2018.

  • Johns Hopkins Medicine. Testicular Cancer: Statistics and Survival Rates. 2025.

  • Johns Hopkins Medicine. Testicular Cancer Tumor Markers (AFP, hCG, LDH). 2025.

  • Mayo Clinic Staff. Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Risk Factors. 2024.

  • Testicular Cancer Society. Testicular Cancer Overview and Survival Rates. 2025.